The Housing Hunger Games
Author Brian Goldstone talked to The Intercept about homelessness. A few excerpts:
"Homeless sweeps have become the go-to, bipartisan performance of “doing something” about the U.S. housing crisis — a spectacle embraced by Democrats and Republicans, city halls, and the White House alike. But sweeps are not a solution. They’re a way to make homelessness less visible while the crisis deepens.
"The roots stretch back decades. President Ronald Reagan’s Tax Reform Act of 1986 pulled the federal government out of building and maintaining public housing, paving the way for a fragmented patchwork scheme of vouchers and tax credits. The result is the system we live with today — one that does little to stem the tide.
"Last year, more than 700,000 people were officially counted as homeless, the highest number ever recorded. Nearly 150,000 of them were children. And that number leaves out the “hidden homeless”: families doubling up in cramped apartments or bouncing between motels.
“What causes homelessness, in the 1980s as now, is a lack of access to housing that poor and working-class people can afford,” says Brian Goldstone, journalist and author of the new book “There Is No Place for Us: Working and Homeless in America.”
The housing emergency is no accident; it’s the product of deliberate political choices: “It’s an engineered abandonment of not thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions of families.”....
"[Homeless woman] Celeste’s story begins in a really dramatic way. One day, she’s driving home from work with her children. She’s just picked them up from school. She’s left her warehouse job, and her neighbor calls to say that her rental home is on fire.
"And by the time Celeste makes it back to her rental, it has burned down. The street is closed off, and the family loses everything. The only possessions they have left are the few things that were in the kids’ backpacks and a few loads of dirty laundry that Celeste had thrown in her Dodge Durango that morning, intending to go to the laundromat after work. They’ve lost everything else.
"And it’s later determined that an abusive ex who Celeste had recently taken a restraining order out on was responsible for the fire. And even though this fire was kind of the first domino that fell on Celeste and her children becoming homeless, I think it’s really important to note that it wasn’t the fire, it wasn’t even the domestic violence that led them to become homeless.
"What led them to become homeless ultimately was the fact that months after the fire, Celeste was applying for apartments and she was denied. She was told that there was an eviction that had been filed against her, and she said, that’s not true, I don’t have an eviction on my record.
"Come to find out that after this fire took place, Celeste called her landlord, which was not just like a mom-and-pop landlord, it was a private equity firm called the Prager Group. They owned tens of thousands of rentals across the south. And when Celeste called to request that she be put in another home in their portfolio, they told her that in order to “terminate her lease” on this house that had just burned down, she would have to pay not only the current month’s rent — the fire had happened at the beginning of the month, so she hadn’t yet paid her rent — but an additional month’s rent as well. And she would lose her security deposit. And Celeste had hung up in disgust. But yeah, like months later, found out that after she hung up, they filed an eviction against her for nonpayment.
"In Georgia, a tenant doesn’t even have to be notified of an eviction in person. The sheriff was able to carry out what’s called tack and mail dispossessory. And when she actually drove to the house that had been burned down — it still hadn’t been repaired — in the mailbox, she found an eviction notice on which the sheriff had written “served to fire-destroyed property.”
"So at this point in her story, Celeste realized that her chances of getting into an apartment were basically destroyed. And her credit score — this three-digit number that has come to determine whether millions of people in this country have access to something as basic as a place to live — she realized her credit score would basically lock her out of the formal housing market.
"So at that point, when Celeste realized that she was locked out of the formal housing market, she was desperate to get out of her car. And she did what scores of other homeless and precariously housed families and individuals in America are doing: She went to an extended stay hotel.
...."Like many people, Celeste, up to this point, she thought that these extended stay hotels that she was passing by every day as a resident of Atlanta were hotels....These hotels … are actually extremely profitable homeless shelters. … They’re really concentrated in regions of the country intentionally, where working people are most likely to be deprived of a stable place to live.”
...."The weekly rent at this place was almost double what she had been paying for the rental home that had just burned down."
...."And even the Department of Education actually categorizes families and children living in these hotels as homeless, along with families and individuals or children who are living in doubled-up arrangements with others in apartments. They consider that homeless because school social workers and teachers saw over the years that this was just as volatile for children, just as precarious as being in a homeless shelter or being on the street.
"So the Department of Education considers them homeless, but HUD does not. And the caseworker tells Celeste, “I’m so sorry. If you want to be considered homeless and therefore qualify for assistance, you have to go with your kids to a shelter.” But then the kicker comes in where Celeste says, fine, we’ll go to a shelter, and the woman says, wait, you mentioned your son just turned 15. None of the shelters in Atlanta allow boys over the age of 13. So he would have to go by himself to a men’s shelter. And of course, Celeste is not willing to do that.
"The point in saying all of this is not that this was some bizarre aberration; this was just a tragic falling through the cracks. This is an engineered neglect. It’s an engineered abandonment of not thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions of families just like Celeste, who are homeless. But they have been written out of the story we tell about homelessness. They literally don’t count. And one of the shocking things that I discovered in the course of working on this book and reporting it was that there’s this entire world of homelessness that is out of sight that we’re not seeing. And what that tells us is that as bad as the official numbers on homelessness are, the reality is exponentially worse.
...."All of the people in this book, they are working and working and working some more. But their wages — which are effectively poverty wages — are not enough just to afford this basic human necessity.
...."Celeste, when she’s diagnosed with ovarian and breast cancer, she’s having to decide, do I go to my warehouse job or do I go to my chemo appointment? Because if I go to my chemo appointment, I don’t get paid because I don’t have sick leave. And if I don’t get paid, me and my children go from living in this awful extended-stay hotel room to being on the street or being back in our car.
...."It’s helpful to remember that mass homelessness, as we know it, is a relatively recent phenomenon in America. It erupted in the 1980s, during the Reagan administration. And from the beginning, there was a concerted effort on the part of that administration, and the part of those in power at that time, to control the narrative about homelessness — to shape public perception.
"So even though at that time the fastest-growing segment of the homeless population were children under the age of 6, these ideas that homelessness is caused by mental illness, by alcoholism, by addiction, or as Reagan put it, by a “lifestyle choice” — a refusal to work. Those really became the dominant narratives in this country about homelessness.
"By the end of the 1980s, the New York Times and CBS News conducted a poll asking New Yorkers at random what causes homelessness. And the number one answer was psychological problems. The number two answer was a refusal to work. Not a single person mentioned housing.
"Never mind the fact that the Reagan administration, as many listeners will be aware, ushered in this neoliberal experiment in slashing, decimating the social safety net, gutting assistance for housing, especially low-income housing. Researchers, scholars who wanted to study the effects of a legacy of racist housing policy or the gutting of the safety net on this burgeoning homelessness crisis, they were systematically not funded. They were not given grants. But scholars and researchers who wanted to look at alcoholism or addiction or mental illness in relation to homelessness, they were the ones who were funded. To the extent that the journal Nature actually had an article called “Reagan versus the social sciences” because of just how concerted that tactic was to make a certain kind of research and therefore a certain kind of knowledge possible. That attempt to control the narrative was very much successful. And I think we’re living under the legacy of that today.
...."What causes homelessness, in the 1980s as now, is a lack of access to housing that poor and working-class people can afford. That is the variable. That is why we see huge rates of homelessness in places that are very, very expensive or where affordable housing does not exist, and we don’t see it in places that might have high rates of drug use, like certain areas of Appalachia, but housing is still relatively available. That is the variable, is not having access to housing that people can afford.
...."Part of what I’m trying to argue in the book is that the current homelessness disaster that we are witnessing is less a crisis of poverty than of prosperity — a particular kind of prosperity. It’s the product, not of a failing economy, but a booming economy, a thriving economy. It’s just not thriving for the people I’m writing about.
...."The signs of growth and corporate profits are everywhere, and yet the people I’m writing about in this book, they’re not just being pushed out of the neighborhoods they grew up in — formerly Black working-class neighborhoods — they are increasingly being pushed out of housing altogether. And that is a trend we see across the nation.
...."One of the astonishing realities that I encountered in reporting this book over many years was the fact that private equity firms, Wall Street firms, they’re not just buying up vast swaths of America’s rental housing stock. That is something that I think has become familiar for many of us. But that in itself is shocking and the tactics that are employed once they take over this housing is really startling.
...."One of the families in the book — Maurice and Natalia and their children — they end up in one of these apartment complexes owned by a private equity firm called Covenant Capital based in Nashville. And they are the victims of this automated eviction system where if you’re just a couple of days late on your rent, there’s no human to call and talk to. They tried to call. They only got [an] answering machine. Instead, an eviction is automatically filed against the tenant.
...."What was truly astonishing was that they’re also buying up the places where families and individuals are forced into once they are pushed into homelessness.
...."It’s just yet another example of how every single turn in these family stories, there are entire new business models designed to profit off their suffering and, I would argue, to ensure that their precarity continues.
...."When I finished the book, when I finished the reporting, I really thought, “It can’t get any worse.” Surely we as a nation will turn a corner soon and begin to meaningfully address this catastrophe of housing insecurity and homelessness.
"What we’re seeing under this administration is gasoline being poured on this crisis and not just where housing assistance and the way that homelessness is treated is concerned, but with these massive cuts to the safety net more generally with Medicaid cuts, with cuts to food stamps. The families who I wrote about in this book, they and the millions of people like them, their lives will become worse as a result of these budget cuts and the sort of continuation of what Ruth Wilson Gilmore calls an organized abandonment.
...."We’re not talking about the working homeless on the one hand, and these people who are on the street on the other.
"This is better conceived, I would argue, as an entire spectrum of insecurity. Homelessness in America is a spectrum of insecurity. One day you could be in a hotel with your kids. The next night you might be in the car with them. A month from now you could be in a tent on the street. That is how quickly families and individuals can cycle through these conditions.
...."And so I really want to emphasize that this is not a distinct population. Those who we see on the street in a tent or in these encampments, they are just the tip of the iceberg of homelessness in America. And yes, the people I’m writing about in this book are those who comprise the much, much bigger portion of the iceberg that is under the water surface that is not just invisible, but that has been actively rendered invisible.
"If we just criminalize homelessness and we don’t address homelessness at its true root source — which is an unavailability and a lack of access, again, to housing that people can afford — then that entire world that’s under the surface is going to continue to spill out into the open.
...."There are so many low-hanging-fruit policy solutions that can ease people suffering immediately, that can both keep them in the homes they already have and that can get them into new homes that they don’t yet have much easier, much quicker.
...."We’ve allowed for [housing] to be hoarded up...But we don’t call that by its proper name, which is price-gouging — price-gouging amid a national emergency. We just call that supply and demand economics.
"And I think until we encounter housing in this country with fresh eyes, until we are shocked out of the complacency of continuing to treat housing this way, this crisis will just continue to spiral. The true scale and severity of homelessness is, to put a number on it, actually six times greater than the official figures. So we’re talking about 4 million people right now in this country who have been deprived of housing.
...."It’s to say, let’s no longer kid ourselves that these nibble-around-the-edges solutions — a few tiny homes over here, 20 percent units at 70 percent, 80 percent AMI [Area Median Income] over there — that this is meaningfully addressing this crisis at scale. Building more market-rate housing and hoping that eventually someday affordability will trickle down to those who are in most desperate need of a place to live — I think that that is misguided. I think we do need all [the] solutions on the table. We don’t have the luxury right now of having this kind of Manichaean vision of, it’s either the market or government intervention.
"I think we need it all, but I do think that we need to be clear-eyed about the true scale and severity so that we can say, and this is what I believe: Public housing redone, public housing done right — which many refer to as social housing — which would be not, again, hundreds of thousands but millions of safe, dignified, affordable housing units owned by the public, owned by the government, built on government-owned land. That is really the only way we are going to get out of this catastrophe.
...."[B]efore we can fix the crisis, we have to feel the crisis.
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